ASYMPTOTIC FREEDOM: A POSSIBLE PHYSICAL EXPLANATION

Authors

  • Antonio puccini Health Ministry, Naples

Keywords:

Quarks(Qs); Electromagnetic Radiation(EMR); Photon(P); Dark Energy(DE).

Abstract

The Quarks asymptotic freedom phenomenon is characterized by a certain movement independence of the quarks(Qs) but only for very short distances. This derives from the fact that when Qs are very close together, the Strong Interaction(SI) almost completely loses its strength. Why?

It could be assumed that this is a consequence of the shielding and masking effects in their turn supported by the congruous and elegant mathematical formalism of the Quantum Chromo-Dynamics, sufficient on its own to explain the phenomenon.

On the other hand we wonder: what is the objective, physical, concrete reality that underlies it?

What is the exact physical mechanism for which the SI strength is not homogeneous throughout its action radius? Or: how can Qs, alone, without any help, have enough strength and power to get rid of the extremely intense grip exercised by the SI?

Unless there is the intervention of some other phenomena, currently unknown, completely unrelated to the SI. Then, one might wonder: is it possible that there is something between the Qs, which at first goes unnoticed, but when the particles gather each other excessively this something begins to be felt, showing a clear and energetic repulsive action? But if so, what is it?

We believe that in the asymptotic freedom it is not the SI to loose strength, but it is overwhelmed by another force, a Repulsive Force, quite distinct from it, and that, in certain peculiar circumstances, proves to be even more powerful than the SI itself.

References

(1) Gross D.J., Wilczek F., “Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories. I”, Phys. Rev. D, 8,3633-3652, 1973).

(2) Gross D.J., Wilczek F., “Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories”,Phys.Rev.Lett., Vol.30, 26, 1343-

(1973).

(3) Politzer H.D., “Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions?”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 30, 1346-1349 (1973).

(4) Maiani L. “60 anni di Yang-Mills”, Il Nuovo Saggiatore, 31,5-6, 22-32 (2015).

(5) Bjorken J.D., “Asymptotic Sum Rules at Infinite Momentum”, Phys. Rev.,Vol.179, Iss.5, 1547-1553 (1969).

(6) Altarelli G., Parisi G., “Asymptotic freedom in parton language”,Nucl. Phys., B,Vol.126,Iss.2, 298-318 (1977).

(7) Dokshitzer Y.L., “Calculation of structure functions of deep-inelastic scattering and e+e- annihilation by perturbation theory in quantum chromodynamics”,Sov.Phys.,JETP,46,4, 641 (1977).

(8) Quigg, C., “Particelle elementari e forze”, Le Scienze, Milano (Italian edition of Scientific American inc., New York), 2, 20-31 (1985).

(9) Fritzsch H. and Gell-Mann M., “Current Algebra: Quarks and What Else?”, Proceedings of the XVI International Conference on High Energy Physics, Chicago,135-165 (1972).

(10) Georgi H., Politzer H.D., “Electroproduction scaling in an asymptotically free theory of strong interactions”, Phys.Rev.D,Vol.9, 2, 416-420 (1974).

(11) Gross D.J., Wilczek F., “Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories.II”,Phys.Rev. D,Vol.9,4,980-993, (1974).

(12) Appelquist T., Politzer H.D., “Heavy Quarks and e+ e- Annihilation”,Phys.Rev.Lett., Vol.34,1, 43-45 (1975).

(13) Dionisi C.,”QCD”,Corso di Fisica Nucleare e Subnucleare II, Roma, INFN, Lesson 5/2/2005.

(14) Levy M.M., “Meson Theory of Nuclear Forces and Low Energy Properties of the Neutron- Proton System”, Phys.Rev.,88,725-738 (1952).

(15) Eisenbud L. and Wigner E.P., “Nuclear Structure”, Princeton University Press, N.J.,1958; Boringhieri, Edizioni Universitarie, (Torino),40-41 (1960).

(16) Pacini F., ”L’Universo”, Editori Riuniti,Roma,158,280-289 (1982).

(17) Heisenberg W.,“Über den Bau der Atomkerne. I”, Zeitschrift für Physik, 77, 1-11 (1932).

(18) http:/www.quibo.it/atosi/quark/confin.htp

(19) Rees A. et al. “Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant", The Astronomical Journal,116,3,1009-1038 (1998).

(20) Perlmutten S. et al., “Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae", The Astrophysical Journal , 517, 2, 565-586 (1999).

(21) Aczel A. D., “God’s Equation”, ©Amir D. Aczel 1999,Four Walls Eight Windows ed., New York; il Saggiatore ed., Milano, 25,138,141,175 (2000).

(22) Hack M., “Dove nascono le stelle”, Sperling & Kupfer ed.,Milano,164-166,169-171 (2004).

(23) Hawking, S., “A Brief History of Time”,1988 by Stephen W. Hawking, Bantan Books ed.; Rizzoli ed.,Milano,126 (1990).

(24) Chandrasekhar B.S., “Why Things Are the Way They Are”, Cambridge University Press,1998; Il Saggiatore ed., Milano, 84,125,304 (2004).

(25) Puccini A., “About the Zero Point Energy, Zero Point Mass, Zero Point Temperature and Zero Point Motion in the Subatomic World and Photonics”, Proceedings of Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Suzhou, China, 1169-1171,Sept. 12-16 (2011).

(26) Ferris T., “Matter and Dark Energy”, National Geographic, Italian edition,1,74-89 (2015).

(27) Barrow J.D., “The Book of Nothing”, © John D. Barrow 2000,1st published by Jonathan Cape 2000; Mondadori Ed., Milano,220-221,239-240 (2001).

(28) Randall L., “Knocking on Heaven’s Door”,©Lisa Randall 2011-2012; il Saggiatore ed., (Milano),92,93,442,381,98 (2012).

(29) Bhattacharjee Y., “The Universe”, National Geographic, Italian edition,4,42-67 (2014).

(30) Dark matter | CERN | https://home.cern/science/physics/dark-matter

(31) http:///map.gsfc.NASA.m_uni/uni_101bb2.3.html

(32) European Space Agency (ESA): Planck and the Cosmic Microwave Background, https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_and_the_cosmic_microwave_

(33) The Planck Collaboration, "Planck 2013 results. 1.Overview of products and scientific results”, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol.571, A1,1-48, November (2014).

(34) Rovelli C., “Così è rinato l’Universo”, il Sole 24 ore, Milano, 276,33 (2011).

(35) Ashtekar A., “Gravity, Geometry and the Quantum”,arXiv:gr-qc/0605011v2 14 Jul 2006

(36) Puccini A., “The Inflationist Expansion of the Universe Was Conducted by Very High Energy Photons” (Session 3P1: Optics and Photonics). Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Cambridge (Ma), 819-822, July 5-8 (2010).

(37) Puccini A., “Electron Capture: a More Complete Equation”, viXra.org, Mathematical Physics: 1809.0232 (2018).

(38) Puccini A., “Neutronization: a More Comprehensive Equation”, International Journal of Current Research, Vol.11, Iss.7, 5805-5812 (2019).

(39) Feynman R.P., “The Feynman Lectures on Physics”. Vol.1 ,o1965,1989 California Institute of Technology (Caltech); Zanichelli Ed., Bologna,vol.1, 34-5,16,17;10-13;17-7;39-8(2001).

(40) Puccini A., “Light Weighs”, Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, Vol.8,161-177 (2008).

(41) Nat’l Academies Press, The National Academy of Science, USA, “Nuclear Physics. Chapter 5: Nuclear Astrophysics”,111(1986).

(42) Puccini A., “The Equivalent Rest-mass of Photon” (Session 2P2: Electromagnetic Theory and Design on the Optical Dispersive Materials, Invisible Cloak and Photonic Crystals). Proceedings of Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Marrakesh, Morocco,723-725, Mar. 20-23 (2011).

(43) Puccini A., “About the Zero Mass of Photon”, Progress in Electromagnetics Research, (PIER), Vol.55,117-146 (2005).

(44) Puccini A., “Quantum Gravity is Induced by a Mechanical Effect Elicited by Momentum of Light’s Quanta”, Asian Journal of Science and Technology,Vol.10,1,9206-9220 (2019).

(45) Puccini A..,“A Mechanical Effect Induced by Electromagnetic Radiation May Explain the Wave Function Collapse of a Quantum Object” (Session 2P2: Electromagnetic Theory and Design on

(46) the Optical Dispersive Materials, Invisible Cloak and Photonic Crystals). Proceedings of Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Marrakesh, Morocco,726-728, Mar. 20-23 (2011).

(47) Puccini A., “Light Quantum Induces the Measurement Paradox”, Journal of Advances in Physics, Vol.15, 6039-6055 (2018).

(48) Guth A., “Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems”, Physical Review D, Vol.23,N°2,347-356 (1981).

(49) Einstein A., “Ist die Tragheit eines Korpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhangig?”, Annalen der Physik, Vol.18,639-641 (1905).

(50) Amendola L., “Costante Cosmologica, Energia Oscura ed Espansione dell’Universo”, INFN, http:/www.asimmetrie.it/tags/tag/energia-oscura

(51) Fermi E.(1926), “Argomenti pro e control’ipotesi dei quanti di luce”, Nuovo Cimento,3,201-206.

(52) Newton Is.(1687), “PHILOSOPHIAE NATURALIS PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA”. Imprimatur S.Pepys, Reg.Soc. Praeses. iulii 5.1686.Londini. Anno MDCLXXXVII

(53) de Broglie L., “Ondes et quanta”, Comtes Rendus, Vol.177, 507-510 (1923).

(54) Puccini A., “The Momentum of Photon May Explain the Measurement’s Paradox in the Subatomic World” (Session 1A2: Electromagnetic Theory and Design on the Optical Dispersive Materials, Invisible Cloak and Photonic Crystals). Proceedings of Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Suzhou, China,27-30,Sept.12-16 (2011).

(55) Weinberg S., “The First Three Minutes. A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe”,© 1977 by S.Weinberg; Mondadori Ed.(Milano),75,125 (1977).

(56) Feynman R.P., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.3: Quantum Mechanics,©1965, California Institute of Technology; Zanichelli Ed., Bologna,Vol.3,2-4 (2001).

(57) Galison P., “The Sextant Equation: E= m.c2“ in “It Must be Beautiful. Great equations of Moderne Science”; Granta Publ.,London,2002; il Saggiatore ed.,Milano,119 (2005).

(58) Eddington A., “Joint Eclipse Meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society”, in The Observatory (Review of Astronomy),vol.27, 545,389,Nov.(1919).

(59) Zeilinger A.,“Einsteins Schleier. Die neve Welt der Quantenphysik“, 2003,Verlag C.H., Munchen; G. Einaudi ed.,Torino,130-131 (2005).

(60) Keplero Johanne, “De Cometis Libelli Tres.”; publisher Augustae Vindelicorum, Andrea Aspergeri, Auguftani (1619).

(61) Puccini A., “The Missing Mass in the Universe May Be Represented by the Dynamic-mass of the Photons” (Session 3P1: Optics and Photonics). Proceedings of Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Cambridge (Ma), 816-818, July 5-8 (2010).

(62) Pauli W., "Über den Zusammenhang des Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit der Komplexstruktur der Spektren", Zeitschrift für Physik, 31, 765–783 (1925).

(63) Penrose R., “The Emperor’s New Mind”, ©1989 Oxford Univerity Press; Rizzoli (RCS) Ed., Milano, 287 (1997).

(64) Puccini A., “Dark Energy Particle is the Photon”, viXra.org, Astrophisics:1903.0359 (2019).

(65) Penrose R., “The Road to Reality”, 2004 Roger Penrose; 2005,RCS ed., Milano, 641 (2005).

(66) Penzias A.A., Wilson R.W.,”A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s“, Astrophysical

Journal,142,419-421 (1965).

(67) Puccini A., “Dark Energy Particles May Be Photons”, International Journal of Science and Research,Vol.8, Iss.8, 473-491 (2019).

(68) Weinberg S., “Anthropic Bound on the Cosmological Constant”, Phys. Rev.Lett., 59, 22, 2607- 2610 (1987).

(69) Puccini A., “On the Bosons’ Range of the Weak Interaction”, Journal of Advances in Physics, Vol.14, Issue 3, 5865-5868 (2018)

(70) Yang C.N. and Mills R.L., “Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance”, Phys. Rev., 96,1,191-195 (1954).

Downloads

Published

2020-02-28

How to Cite

puccini, A. (2020). ASYMPTOTIC FREEDOM: A POSSIBLE PHYSICAL EXPLANATION . European Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(6), 17–40. Retrieved from http://804474.wannyin.cyou/index.php/AIVP/article/view/7558